Table 1 Key properties of tested materials in comparison to products suitable for use as landfill barriers
From: Clay barriers for protecting historic buildings from ground moisture intrusion
Mixture A | Mixture B | Saxonian till | Bentonite–sand mix [42] | Volcanic soil, Chile [12] | Ankara clay [13] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Clay fraction (d < 0.002 mm) | 9% | 7% | 14% | 10% | 3–5% | 51.8–64.2% |
Coarse fraction (d > 0.06 mm) | 88% | 91% | 54% | 90% | 43–53% | 10.5–19.8% |
Calculated conductivity (m/s) | 1E−5 | 1.5E−4 | 8.5E−9 | |||
Measured conductivity (m/s)a | 8.5E−11 | 5E−10 | 8.5E−11 | 10E−9 | 5.2–6.5E−9 | 0.9–3E−11 |
Water adsorption (% of initial mass) | 148% | 226% | 43% | |||
Particle density (g/cm3) | 2.62 | 2.60 | 2.60 | 2.58 | 2.45–2.66 | (2.6) |
Proctor compactiona (g/cm3) | 2.09 | 1.76 | 2.0 | 1.7 | 1.12–1.15 | 1.28–1.50 |
Opt. moisturea (% of total mass) | 8.5% | 17% | 9% | 17% | 41–42% | 16–26% |
Bulk density (g/cm3) | 1.92 | 1.5 | 1.84 | 1.45 | 0.79–0.82 | 1.02–1.29 |
Porosity (% of total volume) | 27% | 42% | 29% | 45% | 69% | 60% |
Degree of saturation (% of hydrated porosity) | 85% | 21% | 69% | 20% | 3% | 7% |
Opt. moisture (% of total mass; d < 0.04 mm) | 24% | 47% | 11% | |||
97% dry moisture (% of total mass; d < 0.04 mm) | 20% | 27% | ||||
Shrinkage limit (% of total mass; d < 0.04 mm) | 25% | 37% | 15% |