Fig. 13

Raman spectra of blue pigments and colorants characteristic of Simon Marmion and the Houghton Master. a Spectrum (785 nm) of outline of rock’s blue shadow in St. Jerome in Penitence, miniature (f. 14v), attributed to Simon Marmion (see Table 1 and Fig. 1a, spot 3; see Fig. 11b). b Reference spectrum (785 nm) for indigo (Forbes Pigment Collection). c Spectrum (532 nm) of blue sky in St. Jerome in Penitence, miniature (f. 14v), attributed to Simon Marmion (see Table 1 and Fig. 1a, spot 2; see Fig. 11a). d Reference spectrum (532 nm) for ultramarine (RRUFF). e Spectrum (532 nm) of blue in tree in St. Anthony, miniature (f. 99v), attributed to the Houghton Master. Note that the spectrum contains azurite and ultramarine, and the peaks around 1050 cm⁻¹ are due to the presence of lead white (see Table 3 and Fig. 2a, spot 7; compare Fig. 9a–c). f Reference spectrum (532 nm) for azurite (RRUFF)