Applying micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and Raman spectroscopy for non-invasive characterization of coating and coating pigments on ancient Chinese papers

Heritage Science

Table 1 Representative technical investigations of ancient Chinese coated papers and the main findings (indet = indeterminate)

Analytical approaches	Dates/ages	Function or use	Coating pigment	Data sources
OM	202–8 BC	Paper	Indet.	[33]
	73 BC–5 AD	Paper	Indet.	[34]
	25–220 AD	Documents	Indet.	[35]
	25–220 AD	Documents	Indet.	[36]
	2nd-century AD	Documents	Gypsum	[20]
	94 BC–420 AD	Documents	Talcum powder	[37]
	348–513 AD	Documents	Indet.	[16, pp. 135–139]
	4th–9th century AD	Buddhist scripts	Indet.	[33, 38]
	410 AD	Documents	Indet.	[39]
	645–780 AD	Documents	Indet.	[16, pp. 195–196]
	11th–13th century AD	Buddhist scripts	Indet.	[40]
	1324 AD	Buddhist scripts	Indet.	[41]
	1368–1644 AD	Calligraphy	Indet.	[42]
SEM–EDX	25–220 AD	Documents	Gypsum, chalk	[16, pp. 100–102]
	3rd–4th century AD	Documents	Gypsum	[27]
	~ 400 AD	Buddhist scripts	Kaolin	[16, pp. 133–134]
	581–907 AD	Buddhist scripts	Kaolin, gypsum, chalk, talcum powder	[16, pp. 188–189]
	581–907 AD	Buddhist scripts	Kaolin, gypsum	[42]
	907–1127 AD	Buddhist scripts	Kaolin	[16, pp. 274–275]
	11th–13th century AD	Buddhist scripts	Chalk, talcum powder	[24]
	1809–1872 AD	Documents	Kaolin, talcum powder	[43]
	1900s	Documents	Chalk	[44, 45]
	1644–1911 AD	Documents	Kaolin	[46, 47]
	1644–1911 AD	Screen wallpaper	Kaolin, chalk	[48]
AAS	400–900 AD	Documents	Gypsum	[22]
Raman	1890s	Paper currencies	Chalk	[28, 29]
Raman	After 1830s	Paintings	Gypsum	[29, pp. 128–131]
XRD	94 BC–420 AD	Documents	Talcum powder	[31]
XRD	1271–1644 AD	Buddhist scripts	Chalk, kaolin	[30]