Fig. 5

a Selection of results from XRD analysis showing mineralogical variation across and within separate quarries (Gatton and Quarry Field, Merstham), and across and within individual buildings and sites (White Tower and Wardrobe Tower, Tower of London, and Hampton Court Palace). b Chart showing differing correlation between opal CT and quartz within freshly quarried stone (R = − 0.67) and stone used in buildings (R = − 0.15), lower quartz content in building stone, and higher opal CT content in phase 1 building stone