Table 3 Characteristics of research models

Flexural joints

 2014–2018, Kunecký, Sebera, Hasníková, Arciszewska-Kędzior, Tippner, Kloiber et al., inter alia [5]

Lapped scarf joint with inclined faces

65–75% load bearing capacity of a solid beam

 2014–2018, Kunecký, Sebera, Hasníková, Arciszewska-Kędzior, Tippner, Kloiber et al.; inter alia [46, 47, 49]

Lapped scarf joint with inclined faces

50% load bearing capacity of a solid beam

 2014–2018, Kunecký, Sebera, Hasníková, Arciszewska-Kędzior, Tippner, Kloiber et. al.; inter alia [38, 40]

Lapped scarf joint with faces inclined

60% load bearing capacity of solid beam

 2014–2018, Fajman, Máca et al.; [41,42,43,44,45, 50]

Scarf joints with pins or keys

 2008, Hirst, Brett, Thomson, Walker, Harris; [51]

Under-squinted butt in halved scarf with two pegs

10%

Side-halved and bridled with two pegs

15%

Stop-splayed and tabled scarf with key and four pegs

28%

Face-halved and bridled scarf with four pegs

24% flexural load bearing capacity of the solid beam (in vertical bending)

 2013, Mirabella-Roberti and Bondanelli [15]

Composite beam with stop-splayed scarf joints

 2012–2015, Rug et al.; [16, 17]

Model of a composite beam with stop-splayed scarf joints

Obtained load bearing capacity value—approx. 57 kN

 2009, Sangree, Schafer; [52, 53]

Halved and tabled scarf joint and stop-splayed scarf joint with key

Tensile joints

 2015–2016 Aira, Arriaga, Íñiguez-González, Guaita; [7, 55]

Halved and tabled tenoned scarf joint

The maximum tensile force was limited by the appearance of cracks and was significantly lower than the maximum value for a solid member without joints

 2012, Aira, Arriaga, Íñiguez-González, Guaita, Esteban; [54]

Halved and tabled tenoned scarf joint with steel clasps or wooden pegs

 2019, Ceraldi, Costa, Lippiello; [37]

Stop-splayed scarf joint with wooden pegs or steel pins

Adhesive joints

 2014–2015, Rapp et al.; [56,57,58]

Adhesive scarf joints