Table 4 Main research findings

Flexural joints

 2014–2018, Kunecký, Sebera, Hasníková, Arciszewska-Kędzior, Tippner, Kloiber et al.; inter alia [5]

The most beneficial solution for 6 m beams in terms of load bearing capacity, stiffness and realisation is the 1.38 m long face-halved and bridled scarf joint with three pegs, located 1/5 of the length of the whole beam from the support

 2014–2018, Kunecký, Sebera, Hasníková, Arciszewska-Kędzior, Tippner, Kloiber et al.; inter alia [45, 46, 49]

The greatest influence on stiffness is the angle of the inclined face in the joint. The vertical location of the pin and its dimensions have a smaller influence

 2014–2018, Kunecký, Sebera, Hasníková, Arciszewska-Kędzior, Tippner, Kloiber et al.; inter alia [38, 40]

For flexural and compressed elements (e.g. rafters), a better solution is a lap joint with an angle of inclination of 60°, whereas for flexural and tensile elements (e.g. framing beams) a much better solution is a lap joint with a 45° inclining face

 2014–2018, Fajman, Máca et al.; [41,42,43,44,45, 50]

In most cases, the deciding factor for these elements turns out to be the serviceability limit state. Joints with two and four pegs appear to behave in the same way

 2008, Hirst, Brett, Thomson, Walker, Harris; [51]

The largest stiffness was observed in the case of side-halved and bridled joints in the horizontal face and stop-splayed scarf joints where there is vertical bending

 2013, Mirabella-Roberti and Bondanelli; [15]

The places where the stress concentrations would likely occur are located especially near to the joint edges

 2012–2015, Rug et al.; [16, 17]

Load bearing capacity in bending for teethed beams can be calculated on the condition that the value of the modulus of displacement of the tooth joint is known

 2009, Sangree, Schafer; [52, 53]

Stiffness of the joint is low when compared to the stiffness in an equivalent solid beam

Tensile joints

 2015, Aira, Arriaga, Íñiguez-González, Guaita; [7, 55]

Failure modes observed: compression parallel to the grain in the notch area, shear parallel to the grain in the heel surface and cracking starting in the reduced cross-section

 2012, Aira, Arriaga, Íñiguez-González, Guaita, Esteban; [54]

Proposed strengthening methods (steel clasps or wooden pegs) turn out to be equally effective in the case of halved and tabled tenoned scarf joints

 2019, Ceraldi, Costa, Lippiello; [37]

A 41% increase in stiffness was observed for joints with pegs and a 52% increase for joints with steel pins

Adhesive joints

 2014–2015, Rapp et al.; [56,57,58]

Adhesive joints characterised by a low joint displacement between two elements made from the same material and of the same thickness were found to transfer forces in the same or similar way as in a solid element