Table 1 Review of value-based conservation in international declarations, charters, and resolutions

ICOMOS, 1964 (The Venice Charter)

The process of restoration is a highly specialized operation. Its aim is to preserve and reveal the aesthetic and historic value of the monument and is based on respect for original material and authentic documents [6]

UNESCO, 1972

This convention has emphasized outstanding universal values [7]

ICOMOS, 1983 (The Appleton Charter)

The better the values of cultural heritage are known and translated, the better its conservation and quality improvement will be [8]

ICOMOS, 1993 (10th General Assembly)

ICOMOS should respond much more as an international organization in situations where conservation values are at stake [9]

ICOMOS, 1994 (The Nara Document)

Conservation of cultural heritage in all its forms and historical periods is rooted in the values attributed to the heritage [10]

ICOMOS, 1999 (The Burra Charter)

Conservation of a place should identify and take into consideration all aspects of cultural and natural values without an unwarranted emphasis on one value at the expense of others [11]

Parks Canada, 2010 (The conservation standards in Canada)

Conservation practitioners operate in what is referred to as a ‘values-based context’ using a system that identifies and manages historic places according to values attributed through an evaluation process. These values generally include the aesthetic, historic, scientific, cultural, social, and/or spiritual importance of a place [12]

ICOMOS, 2010 (The New Zealand Charter)

Conservation of a place should be based on an understanding and appreciation of all aspects of its cultural heritage value, both tangible and intangible [13]