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Table 3 Overview of the materials identified through minimally invasive analyses of the six investigated paintings

From: A multi-analytical study of the palette of impressionist and post-impressionist Puerto Rican artists

Painting

Sample

Analytical technique and associated element (SEM-EDX) and Raman shifts (cm−1)

Figure

Identified materials in ground and colored layers

Trapiche

CS1

SEM-EDX

Co, Al, Zn, Pb

Figure 5

Ground: N/A

Colored layer: cobalt blue, cobalt green and lead white

Raman

328, 434, 545, 567, 1050, 1090–1142

Figure 6a

202, 513

Figure 6b

CAM-1329

SCR1

SEM-EDX

Pb, Ba

N/A

Ground: N/A

Colored layer: lead white, vermilion, and Ba-containing yellow, likely organic, identified as PY1 (Hansa Yellow G—C.I. 11680)

Raman

1050

Additional file 1: Fig. S14j

250, 281, 340

Additional file 1: Fig. S14k

SCR2

HPLC-DAD-MS/MS

 

Figure 8

CAM-1328

CS2

SEM-EDX

Pb, Cr, Cu, As, Ca, Al, Mg

Figure 7

Ground: lead white

Colored layer: ultramarine blue, viridian, Emerald green, and vermilion

Raman

1050

Figure 6c

260, 345, 432, 487, 541, 583, 837

Figure 6d

106, 153, 175, 217, 242, 292, 325, 371, 429, 541

Figure 6e

256, 546, 581, 804, 1092

Figure 6f

252, 284, 342

Figure 6g

SCR3

HPLC-DAD-MS/MS

 

Figure 9

PY3 (Hansa Yellow 10G—C.I. 11710)

2004–005

CS3

SEM-EDX

Ba, Ca, Pb, Fe

Additional file 1: Fig. S11

Ground: likely lead white, likely calcium carbonate, and barium sulfate

Pigmented layer 1 (top): ba-rich light yellow

Pigmented layer 1 (bottom): mars red

Raman

224, 290, 410, 496, 610

Additional file 1: Fig. S14a

453, 461, 986

Additional file 1: Fig. S14b

2004–007

CS4

SEM-EDX,

Ground: Zn, Ba, S, Ca, Pb, Si

Colored layer: Pb, Hg, S

Additional file 1: Fig. S12

Ground: lead white, calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, quartz, and lithopone

Colored layer: lead white, Prussian blue, and vermilion

Raman

453, 986

Additional file 1: Fig. S14c

250, 281, 340

Additional file 1: Fig. S14d

154, 281, 1085

Additional file 1: Fig. S14e

127, 202, 463

Additional file 1: Fig. S14f

1006

Additional file 1: Fig. S14g

2003–05–02

CS5

SEM-EDX

Pb, Zn, Fe, Al

Additional file 1: Fig. S13

Ground: lead white and zinc white, with inclusion of yellow ochre/goethite

Colored layer: N/A

Raman

1050

Additional file 1: Fig. S14h

250, 300, 387

Additional file 1: Fig. S14i