Islamic copper-based metal artefacts from the Garb al-Andalus. A multidisciplinary approach on the Alcáçova of Mārtulah (Mértola, South of Portugal)

Bottaini, Carlo; Martínez, Susana Gómez; Bordalo, Rui; Beltrame, Massimo; Mirão, José; Rafael, Lígia; Schiavon, Nick

doi:10.1186/s40494-022-00736-z

Heritage Science

Table 1 Elemental composition of the artefacts from the Almohad neighbourhood of Mārtulah (wt.%); n.d.: not detected

From: Islamic copper-based metal artefacts from the Garb al-Andalus. A multidisciplinary approach on the Alcáçova of Mārtulah (Mértola, South of Portugal)

ID	Functionality	Cu	Zn	Sn	Pb	Fe	As	Ag	Ni	Sb
Brass
AA-01-02	Casket ornament	91.90	4.95	1.4	0.75	0.3	0.46	0.07	0.02	0.15
AA-01-04	Casket ornament	90.30	6.6	1.6	0.93	0.07	0.2	0.09	0.01	0.2
AA-01-06	Casket ornament	83.75	10.7	2.3	1.47	0.5	0.25	0.85	0.03	0.15
AA-01-08	Casket ornament	84.40	11.0	3.0	1.05	0.15	0.17	0.1	0.03	0.1
AA-01-13	Casket ornament	86.75	12.4	0.48	0.08	0.19	0.1	n.d	n.d	n.d
AA-01-14	Casket ornament	89.35	8.35	0.9	0.4	0.35	0.4	0.09	0.01	0.15
AA-01-16	Casket ornament	91.00	7.2	0.33	0.17	0.3	0.9	0.06	0.01	0.03
AA-01-17	Casket ornament	89.30	8.75	1.2	0.22	0.02	0.42	0.09	n.d	n.d
AA-01-18	Casket ornament	88.60	7.4	2.1	1.1	0.05	0.32	0.08	0.15	0.2
AA-01-20	Casket ornament	88.70	8.45	0.5	0.9	0.3	1.15	n.d	n.d	n.d
AA-02-25	Casket ornament	86.45	10.4	0.6	0.95	0.32	0.8	0.48	n.d	n.d
AA-02-26	Casket ornament	86.91	10.34	0.91	1.15	0.22	0.15	0.32	n.d	n.d
AA-02-27	Casket ornament	88.12	7.9	1.4	1.55	0.25	0.23	0.26	0.02	0.27
AA-02-28	Casket ornament	93.05	4.62	0.7	0.75	0.29	0.15	0.29	n.d	0.15
AA-02-29	Casket ornament	77.31	22.37	n.d	0.1	0.02	0.13	n.d	0.07	n.d
AA-02-30	Casket ornament	83.92	14.52	n.d	1.1	0.26	0.2	n.d	n.d	n.d
AA-02-32	Casket ornament	83.56	14.74	1.1	0.15	0.23	0.2	n.d	0.02	n.d
AA-02-33	Casket ornament	78.31	20.3	1.1	0.05	0.03	0.12	0.06	0.03	n.d
AA-02-36	Casket ornament	86.15	12.07	1.25	0.3	0.1	0.13	n.d	n.d	n.d
AA-02-37	Casket ornament	86.57	10.2	1.7	1.0	0.1	0.19	0.07	0.02	0.15
AA-02-46	Casket ornament	90.46	6.52	1.37	0.95	0.2	0.24	0.07	0.02	0.17
AA-02-54	Casket ornament	88.80	9.95	n.d	0.15	0.08	0.7	0.11	0.17	0.04
AA-03-62	Casket ornament	81.93	14.11	1.4	1.35	0.11	0.9	0.2	n.d	n.d
AA-03-79	Casket ornament	84.52	10.39	3.3	1.4	0.17	0.2	0 n.d	0.02	n.d
AN-01-36	Finger ring	87.51	10.5	0.4	0.55	0.27	0.7	0.07	n.d	n.d
BC-01-06	Earring	91.04	7.07	0.7	0.4	0.05	0.66	0.08	n.d	n.d
BC-01-07	Earring	93.41	4.75	0.65	0.6	0.06	0.15	0.14	0.01	0.23
BC-01-09	Earring	91.40	5.6	1.95	0.57	0.06	0.15	0.1	n.d	0.17
BC-01-11	Earring	89.79	7.98	1.35	0.21	0.03	0.55	0.09	n.d	n.d
BC-01-16	Earring	88.53	9.41	1.05	0.45	0.1	0.31	0.15	n.d	n.d
BC-01-17	Earring	82.88	14.12	1.35	0.65	0.2	0.8	n.d	n.d	n.d
BC-01-18	Earring	85.47	13.08	0.85	0.15	0.07	0.25	0.13	n.d	n.d
BC-01-19	Earring	88.67	9.23	0.65	0.22	0.06	1.1	0.07	n.d	n.d
BC-01-21	Earring	82.98	14.72	1.2	0.25	0.05	0.8	n.d	n.d	n.d
BC-01-26	Earring	86.96	11.55	0.75	0.1	0.06	0.5	0.08	n.d	n.d
BC-01-30	Earring	92.38	4.98	1.16	0.95	0.12	0.4	n.d	0.01	n.d
BC-01-42	Earring	88.27	8.71	0.9	0.48	0.14	1.5	n.d	n.d	n.d
BC-01-46	Earring	91.79	5.76	0.88	0.62	0.1	0.85	n.d	n.d	n.d
BC-01-55	Earring	88.69	7.73	1.85	0.85	0.2	0.4	n.d	0.02	0.26
BC-01-61	Earring	90.92	5.75	1.35	1.0	0.26	0.35	0.11	0.02	0.24
BC-01-62	Earring	87.33	10.32	1.15	0.21	0.03	0.9	0.06	n.d	n.d
BC-01-66	Earring	90.56	5.61	1.8	0.95	0.25	0.55	0.1	n.d	0.18
BC-01-72	Earring	86.07	11.43	1.3	0.5	0.02	0.6	0.07	0.01	n.d
BC-01-76	Earring	91.58	6.44	0.75	0.6	0.04	0.25	0.15	0.01	0.18
BC-01-89	Earring	84.81	12.14	1.63	0.68	0.06	0.35	0.09	0.01	0.23
BC-03-100	Earring	86.64	8.63	1.3	2.3	0.55	0.3	0.09	0.01	0.18
BC-03-101	Earring	83.48	14.74	1.55	0.05	0.03	0.15	n.d	n.d	n.d
BC-03-105	Earring	88.35	9	1.25	0.6	0.2	0.3	0.09	0.01	0.2
BC-03-106	Earring	87.23	9.42	1.7	1.05	0.05	0.3	0.07	0.01	0.17
BC-03-108	Earring	83.68	14.32	0.87	0.38	0.1	0.65	n.d	n.d	n.d
BC-03-109	Earring	88.55	8.19	1.15	1.4	0.25	0.3	0.16	n.d	n.d
BC-03-115	Earring	90.60	7.6	0.48	0.6	0.13	0.33	0.08	0.01	0.17
BC-03-118	Earring	83.57	10.94	2.34	2.25	0.32	0.5	n.d	0.08	n.d
BC-03-97	Earring	91.97	5.1	1.3	0.65	0.19	0.7	0.09	n.d	n.d
BC-03-98	Earring	83.50	15.1	1.17	0.05	0.04	0.08	n.d	0.06	n.d
AR-01-35	Ring	85.22	12.07	1.38	0.8	0.26	0.22	n.d	0.05	n.d
DV-02-44	Undetermined	93.28	4.19	0.9	0.25	0.21	0.74	0.43	n.d	n.d
DV-02-75	Undetermined	89.8	7.65	0.95	0.85	0.09	0.47	0.06	0.01	0.12
DV-02-80	Undetermined	89.87	6.45	1.3	1.93	0.12	0.22	n.d	0.01	0.1
DV-03-113	Undetermined	93.98	2.27	0.8	1.35	0.18	0.6	0.16	0.07	0.59
DV-03-86	Undetermined	88.30	8.9	1.55	0.48	0.03	0.48	0.08	0.02	0.16
DV-03-89	Undetermined	89.46	8.1	0.95	0.47	0.35	0.45	0.07	0.02	0.13
EC-01-01	Oil Lamp stick	85.62	8.73	2.12	2.75	0.25	0.12	0.14	n.d	0.27
EC-01-05	Oil lamp stick	87.86	11.65	n.d	0.3	0.07	0.12	n.d	n.d	n.d
EC-01-06	Oil lamp stick	87.76	8.35	2.35	0.9	0.07	0.32	0.11	0.01	0.13
EC-01-07	Oil lamp stick	85.70	14.05	n.d	0.1	0.07	0.03	0.05	n.d	n.d
EC-01-08	Oil lamp stick	82.46	12.62	2.75	1.25	0.05	0.12	0.4	n.d	0.35
EC-01-09	Oil lamp stick	89.74	6.94	1.65	1.15	0.25	0.21	0.06	n.d	n.d
EC-01-12	Oil lamp stick	85.54	12.43	0.1	1.07	0.2	0.47	0.14	0.05	n.d
EC-01-15	Oil lamp stick	88.13	10.67	n.d	0.55	0.03	0.1	0.21	0.31	n.d
EC-01-16	Oil lamp stick	88.89	8.7	0.6	0.38	0.35	0.78	0.14	0.01	0.15
ES-01-01	Spatula	85.69	13.7	0.01	0.5	0.03	0.07	n.d	n.d	n.d
ES-01-06	Spatula	92.77	5.18	0.3	0.54	0.14	0.9	n.d	0.02	0.15
ES-01-08	Spatula	91.43	4.77	1.38	0.95	0.87	0.31	0.26	0.03	n.d
ES-01-11	Spatula	94.88	2.52	0.49	0.43	0.16	1.3	n.d	0.01	0.21
ES-01-12	Spatula	87.94	7.33	2.02	1.55	0.21	0.58	n.d	0.03	0.34
ES-01-20	Spatula	89.03	8.07	0.85	0.77	0.2	0.71	0.14	0.05	0.18
ES-01-22	Spatula	88.14	7.68	1.55	1.7	0.15	0.44	0.12	n.d	0.22
ES-02-23	Spatula	88.66	9.67	0.5	0.51	0.04	0.62	n.d	n.d	n.d
ES-02-26	Spatula	86.74	9.39	2.3	0.81	0.04	0.32	0.13	n.d	0.27
ES-02-27	Spatula	89.26	8.41	0.74	0.28	0.1	1.2	n.d	0.01	n.d
ES-02-29	Spatula	85.99	10.63	1.4	1.1	0.15	0.4	n.d	0.03	0.3
ES-02-30	Spatula	88.77	7.63	0.83	1.8	0.12	0.4	0.2	0.03	0.22
ES-02-36	Spatula	88.22	8.05	2.5	0.58	0.25	0.26	0.14	n.d	n.d
ES-02-54	Spatula	93.94	4.49	0.24	0.61	0.21	0.3	0.2	0.01	n.d
PF-01-02	Spindle	88.39	7.61	1.41	0.9	0.06	1.35	0.27	0.01	n.d
PF-01-06	Spindle	90.36	7.9	0.38	0.62	0.2	0.14	0.15	0.04	0.21
PF-01-100	Spindle	93.10	3.67	1.55	0.52	0.35	0.23	0.27	0.01	0.3
PF-01-104	Spindle	89.45	8.2	0.61	0.66	0.4	0.4	0.11	0.01	0.16
PF-01-106	Spindle	84.99	12.06	0.85	0.88	0.16	1.05	n.d	0.01	n.d
PF-01-107	Spindle	85.23	14.08	0.03	0.32	0.13	0.14	0.07	n.d	n.d
PF-01-11	Spindle	86.88	11.59	0.43	0.25	0.12	0.72	n.d	0.01	n.d
PF-01-16	Spindle	88.66	9.23	1.03	0.13	0.15	0.8	n.d	n.d	n.d
PF-01-20	Spindle	85.81	11.58	1.42	0.32	0.07	0.8	n.d	n.d	n.d
PF-01-27	Spindle	88.54	9.28	0.4	0.65	0.13	0.86	0.14	n.d	n.d
PF-01-30	Spindle	77.77	17.61	3.68	0.74	0.09	0.11	n.d	n.d	n.d
PF-01-31	Spindle	74.97	20.58	1.1	2.2	0.14	0.52	0.18	0.03	0.28
PF-01-32	Spindle	80.91	15.48	1.9	0.4	0.16	1.15	n.d	n.d	n.d
PF-01-33	Spindle	91.05	6.67	0.6	0.2	0.05	1.35	0.08	n.d	n.d
PF-01-36	Spindle	81.16	15.78	1.66	0.2	0.23	0.83	0.13	0.01	n.d
PF-01-37	Spindle	83.62	13.83	1.0	0.4	0.25	0.79	0.11	n.d	n.d
PF-01-38	Spindle	80.97	15.44	0.14	2.9	0.11	0.2	0.24	n.d	n.d
PF-01-47	Spindle	93.09	4.9	0.7	0.79	0.28	0.11	0.13	n.d	n.d
PF-01-54	Spindle	83.75	14.87	0.29	0.17	0.07	0.78	n.d	n.d	0.07
PF-01-65	Spindle	87.95	9.26	1.2	0.32	0.04	1.15	0.07	0.01	n.d
PF-01-77	Spindle	84.43	11.9	1.45	1.7	0.18	0.3	n.d	0.04	n.d
PF-01-81	Spindle	92.73	4.39	1.15	0.85	0.19	0.55	0.14	n.d	n.d
PF-01-85	Spindle	89.42	6.98	0.83	0.88	0.58	1.2	0.1	0.01	n.d
PF-02-114	Spindle	94.92	2.68	0.56	1.5	0.09	0.25	n.d	n.d	n.d
PF-02-122	Spindle	79.28	19.83	0.11	0.42	0.08	0.28	n.d	n.d	n.d
PF-02-128	Spindle	84.22	10.78	2.97	1.15	0.48	0.34	n.d	0.06	n.d
PF-02-129	Spindle	88.29	8.7	1.65	0.84	0.24	0.16	0.12	n.d	n.d
PF-02-131	Spindle	88.57	8.95	1.7	0.41	0.07	0.19	0.08	0.03	n.d
PF-02-156	Spindle	84.17	13.09	1.1	0.37	0.15	0.88	0.24	n.d	n.d
PF-02-161	Spindle	84.89	11.74	2.19	0.75	0.15	0.26	n.d	0.02	n.d
PF-02-179	Spindle	91.47	6.86	0.88	0.43	0.03	0.14	n.d	0.19	n.d
PF-02-182	Spindle	86.72	9.23	1.81	1.72	0.2	0.26	n.d	0.06	n.d
PF-02-183	Spindle	88.63	9.67	0.63	0.22	0.1	0.67	0.08	n.d	n.d
PF-02-185	Spindle	84.86	13.43	1.26	0.15	0.06	0.13	0.05	0.06	n.d
PF-02-223	Spindle	90.63	5.92	1.74	0.95	0.05	0.38	0.11	0.02	0.2
PF-02-231	Spindle	87.98	8.25	2.06	1.03	0.1	0.14	n.d	0.44	n.d
PF-02-232	Spindle	82.17	14.86	1.74	0.73	0.2	0.25	n.d	0.05	n.d
Leaded brass
BC-01-81	Earring	85.07	9.78	0.12	3.7	0.13	1.05	0.15	n.d	n.d
AA-02-56	Casket ornament	71.20	14.75	1.75	10.9	0.32	0.42	0.2	0.02	0.44
PF-02-130	Spindle	85.54	5.83	1.93	5.74	0.4	0.36	0.2	n.d	n.d
EC-01-14	Oil lamp stick	75.84	19.69	0.07	4.19	0.07	0.12	n.d	0.02	n.d
BC-03-120	Earring	90.50	4.1	0.4	3.75	0.2	0.7	0.35	n.d	n.d
PF-01-08	Spindle	69.34	21.27	2.33	5.9	0.17	0.77	0.15	0.07	n.d
Bronze
BC-01-70	Earring	94.99	0.08	4.25	0.4	0.06	0.2	n.d	0.02	n.d
DV-02-47	Undetermined	91.32	0.15	5.41	1.16	0.25	0.142	1.56	0.01	n.d
DV-02-64	Undetermined	90.54	0.06	9.09	n.d	0.11	0.14	0.06	n.d	n.d
PF-01-01	Spindle	91.34	1.54	4.63	1.1	0.2	0.61	0.17	n.d	0.41
Leaded bronze
AR-01-53	Ring	75.13	2.12	9.75	11.05	0.55	0.8	n.d	0.05	0.55
Copper
AA-02-43	Casket ornament	99.52	0.08	n.d	0.21	0.01	0.15	n.d	0.03	n.d
AA-03-59	Casket ornament	96.45	1.9	0.26	0.65	0.07	0.16	0.15	0.06	0.3
AA-03-66	Casket ornament	97.05	0.13	1.3	0.15	0.29	0.65	0.05	0.08	0.3
BC-03-117	Earring	96.13	1.58	0.87	0.45	0.23	0.63	n.d	0.11	n.d
FIV-01-12	Buckle	98.95	0.09	n.d	0.64	0.05	0.04	0.09	0.01	0.13
AR-01-42	Ring	96.63	0.05	0.63	2.3	0.03	0.25	0.11	n.d	n.d
DV-01-04	Undetermined	98.00	0.09	0.1	0.63	0.13	0.09	0.62	0.04	0.3
DV-01-05	Undetermined	98.92	0.1	n.d	0.03	0.25	0.13	0.57	n.d	n.d
DV-01-19	Undetermined	96.48	0.09	0.49	2.3	0.2	0.18	0.09	0.09	0.08
DV-01-36	Undetermined	98.55	0.09	n.d	0.33	0.1	0.06	0.66	0.02	0.19
DV-02-53	Undetermined	97.70	0.1	0.95	0.8	0.02	0.14	0.11	0.02	0.16
DV-02-54	Undetermined	96.44	1.77	0.85	0.35	0.17	0.24	n.d	n.d	0.18
DV-02-79	Undetermined	98.07	0.07	0.26	0.8	0.04	0.31	0.25	0.02	0.18
PF-01-78	Spindle	91.94	1.94	2.93	0.79	0.2	0.26	1.94	n.d	n.d
PR-02-13	Nail	98.55	0.25	0.07	0.66	0.23	0.2	n.d	0.04	n.d
Leaded copper
PR-02-06	Nail	93.62	0.11	0.15	4.85	0.24	0.46	0.16	0.03	0.38
Red brass
PF-01-44	Spindle	92.88	2.24	1.14	2.85	0.04	0.25	0.21	n.d	0.39
AA-01-21	Casket ornament	88.10	3.7	3.05	4.0	0.5	0.37	0.09	0.02	0.17
AA-02-39	Casket ornament	84.68	7.33	5.3	2.15	0.24	0.07	0.1	0.01	0.12
AA-02-49	Casket ornament	87.92	7.76	3.4	0.34	0.5	0.08	n.d	n.d	n.d
AN-01-35	Finger ring	88.52	7.48	2.64	0.5	0.05	0.55	0.08	0.01	0.17
BC-01-05	Earring	94.32	2.47	1.16	1.4	0.1	0.55	n.d	n.d	n.d
BC-01-12	Earring	89.71	5.45	3.65	0.6	0.02	0.27	0.09	n.d	0.21
BC-01-82	Earring	90.13	4.81	2.41	1.25	0.5	0.9	n.d	n.d	n.d
BC-03-116	Earring	86.52	6.27	4.85	1.15	0.2	1.0	n.d	0.01	n.d
PF-01-03	Spindle	89.18	6.13	2.82	0.78	0.15	0.59	0.1	n.d	0.25
PF-01-04	Spindle	90.93	5.08	2.03	0.49	0.15	0.5	0.6	0.01	0.21
PF-01-05	Spindle	91.77	4.23	2.25	0.86	0.14	0.37	0.37	0.01	n.d
PF-01-55	Spindle	87.74	7.03	3.35	1.1	0.29	0.24	0.25	n.d	n.d
PF-01-99	Spindle	90.06	4.15	3.8	1.25	0.15	0.18	0.12	0.02	0.27
PF-02-178	Spindle	87.33	8.06	2.9	1.18	0.15	0.3	n.d	0.08	n.d
PF-02-230	Spindle	91.89	3.33	1.62	2.1	0.3	0.51	0.24	0.01	n.d
Leaded red brass
BC-01-86	Earring	68.74	18.08	6.25	6.3	0.09	0.3	0.21	0.03	n.d
ES-01-10	Spatula	89.85	2.1	1.25	6.2	0.08	0.52	n.d	n.d	n.d
DV-01-31	Undetermined	82.25	9.3	4.3	3.6	0.15	0.1	0.09	0.01	0.2
PF-01-14	Spindle	82.98	5.71	4.0	6.6	0.51	0.2	n.d	n.d	n.d
DV-02-63	Undetermined	82.71	4.96	2.12	7.85	0.4	0.64	0.2	0.1	1.02
DV-03-95	Undetermined	86.88	3.06	1.71	6.5	0.58	0.45	0.13	0.15	0.54

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