Exactly how free? Constrained choices and product ranges of medieval copper-alloy objects found between the Meuse and Loire rivers (9th–16th centuries CE)

Saussus, Lise; Thomas, Nicolas; Bourgarit, David

doi:10.1186/s40494-023-00915-6

Heritage Science

Table 1 Typology of objects for the most represented categories

From: Exactly how free? Constrained choices and product ranges of medieval copper-alloy objects found between the Meuse and Loire rivers (9th–16th centuries CE)

	No. of objects	No. of analyses	Shaping method and scale	Object type	Functional area	Social context of use	Chronology	Production type	Weight range in g
	1	1	Medium-sized casting	Cauldrons	Kitchen	Common ?	12-13th	Mass and serial ?	± 1000–3500
	29	46	Medium-sized casting	Cauldrons	Kitchen	Common	14-16th	Mass and serial	± 1000–3500
	17	17	Medium sheet—hammering	Skimmers (14), frying pan (1), lid (1) and milk strainer (1)	Kitchen	Common	Late 13-16th	Serial	± 150–500
	2	2	Large sheet—hammering	Kettles	Kitchen or hygiene	Common ?	12-13th	Serial	± 600–6000
	13	13	Large sheet—hammering	Kettles	Kitchen or hygiene	Common	Late 13-16th	Serial	± 600–6000
	4	4	Medium sheet—hammering	Hand basin	Hygiene, table or worship	Privileged	10-13th	Commissioned ?	± 150–1500
	5	5	Medium sheet—hammering	Hand basin	Hygiene or table	Common	14-15th (incl. 15-17th)	Serial	± 150–1500
	8	22	Medium-sized casting	Ewers (7) and jug (1)	Hygiene or table	Common	14-16th	Mass and serial	± 1500–3000
	4	10	Medium-sized casting	Lavabos	Hygiene or table	Less common	14-16th	Possibly commissioned	± 3500–5000
	31	31	Small-sized casting and small sheet—hammering	Spoons	Table	Common	14-16th	Mass and serial	± 10–20
	5	6	Medium-sized casting	Candlesticks and candle holders	Table, rest of the house (or worship)	Privileged	11-13th	Commissioned	± 300–2500
	70	87	Medium-sized casting	Candlesticks and candle holders	Table or rest of the house	Common and less common for weight > 1000 g	14-16th	Mass and serial	± 100–2500
	2	4	Large-sized casting	Candlesticks and candle holders	Worship	Privileged	14-15th	Commissioned	Several dozen kg
	5	6	Medium-sized casting	Statuettes and chest statuettes	Worship	Privileged	12-13th	Commissioned	± 1000–2000
	12	29	Medium-sized casting, excepting 1 mainly obtained by hammering	Statuettes	Worship	Privileged	Late 13-16th	Commissioned	Several dozen kg, excepting hammered one (1.3 kg)
	13	15	Medium-sized casting	Taps	Other equipment	Common	(late 14th) 15-16th	Mass and serial	± 50–100
?	23	23	Sheet—hammering	Undefined vessels (kettle or basin) or repairs	Kitchen, hygiene or table	Undefined	Late 13–16 (incl. 14-17th)	Serial	Undefined
	2	2	Sheet—hammering	Metal repairs	Kitchen, hygiene or table	Undefined	11-13th	Undefined	Undefined
	27	27	Sheet—hammering	Metal repairs	Kitchen, hygiene or table	Common	Late 13-16th (incl. 15-17th)	Serial	Undefined

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