Laser-based techniques for the non-invasive characterisation of grisaille paints on stained-glass windows

Machado, Carla; Oujja, Mohamed; Cerqueira Alves, Luís; Martínez-Weinbaum, Marina; Maestro-Guijarro, Laura; Carmona-Quiroga, Paula María; Castillejo, Marta; Vilarigues, Márcia; Palomar, Teresa

doi:10.1186/s40494-023-00917-4

Heritage Science

Table 2 Composition (wt. %) of the grisailles analysed by PIXE

From: Laser-based techniques for the non-invasive characterisation of grisaille paints on stained-glass windows

Date	Name	Al₂O₃	SiO₂	P₂O₅	SO₃	Cl	K₂O	CaO	TiO₂	Cr₂O₃	MnO	Fe₂O₃	CoO	NiO	CuO	ZnO	As₂O₅	ZrO₂	AgO	SnO₂	BaO	PbO	Bi₂O₃
13th–14th	JC012		27.0		9.55	1.20	1.08	2.41	0.08	0.01	0.08	29.0		0.03	0.43	0.09						31.5
15th (1425–1430)	CG1	7.34	23.3	5.28	1.28	1.11	1.53	15.2	0.20		0.21	5.37	0.03	0.03	20.0	0.08			0.36	0.42	0.21	17.8
	CG2	4.78	29.8	1.79	1.37	0.59	6.70	18.8	0.22		0.39	2.98	0.03	0.03	14.1	0.11	0.27		0.60	1.22	0.13	16.6
16th (1510–1518)	G1		25.6		2.20	2.28	1.29	4.17	0.10		0.15	28.6			6.25	0.94				0.60		28.7
	G3		28.6	2.50	5.20	1.64	2.24	9.86	0.12		0.38	24.4			4.26	0.73					0.09	20.4
16th (1500–1550)	LS01		23.1			1.03	1.66	4.79	0.22		0.10		1.10		3.55	0.99						31.4
	JC015a		23.9	2.50	3.90	0.65	0.96	2.73	0.10	0.01	0.14	38.9		0.04	4.21	2.17					0.07	23.6
	S. José		13.8		12.5	2.46	1.29	6.77	0.09	0.33	0.66	32.8			4.19	1.64					0.02	27.1
17th (1650–1700)	JC020		19.6	2.67	7.65	1.41	1.95	8.56	0.19		0.31	26.9			2.63	1.16					0.05	28.6
	JC010		59.0		2.50	0.75	11.5	4.42	0.10		0.10	5.45	4.97	1.20	2.06	0.08	3.19		1.07		0.03	3.37	1.47
19th (1845–1884)	SS01		42.0		4.00	2.34	1.61	1.53	0.05		0.36	16.1	0.67	0.03	0.04	0.04					0.04	33.3
	SS02		13.5		19.7	0.68	0.13	0.64	0.03		0.02	21.6		0.01	0.02	0.06					0.02	43.5
	LS05		38.5		10.8	0.40	0.87	1.70	0.08	0.02	1.30	15.9	0.35	0.02	0.04	0.16					0.05	29.8
20th (1900–1934)	JC007		25.7		7.63	0.78	1.27	8.62	0.09	0.02	4.91	17.5			2.04	0.50					0.32	29.7
	NC1		20.1			0.38	0.12	0.62		3.68	0.02	9.81	8.33	0.38	0.22	0.13						55.6
	NC2		72.8				0.96	7.25	0.04	0.63	0.02	3.41	3.34	0.16	0.3	0.03	0.21				0.06	9.32
	SS03		55.3		1.83	0.30	0.27	2.95	0.11	2.09	0.36	14.7	0.51	0.01	0.02	2.44				1.28	0.02	17.9
	LS03		41.4		3.05	0.60	0.81	7.05	0.12	0.11	1.83	10.6	4.59	0.19	1.66	0.07					0.13	27.7
20th (1942–1950)	SS04		17.7		16.8	1.22	0.58	2.99	0.06	2.11	2.31	6.31	1.74	0.10	4.83	0.13					0.11	42.9
	JC003		44.7		0.78	0.26	1.3	8.65	0.11	0.21	4.36	10.6			0.62	0.3	0.36				0.25	27.3
20th (1971–1976)	UC3	3.99	28.0				0.16	0.47	0.18	5.07	0.39	8.71	5.28	0.15	0.03	5.32		0.30	1.15	1.71		38.9
Unknown	LS02		23.7		8.83	0.89	0.30	7.56	0.07	0.03	4.25	11.1	2.31	0.12	0.08	0.92					0.18	39.5
	LS04		28.3			11.02	2.22	1.56	0.08		1.89	20.2	0.26	0.02	0.04	0.26					0.07	34.0
Cmog C			36.7		1.1	0.53	2.6	4.7	0.55			0.29	0.18	0.02	1.16	0.04					11.4	40.3
^aError (%)			13		42	12	1.7	1.1	7.7			2.8	3.9	17	1.4	18					1	1

^aFitting and counting statistics error (%)

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