Table 2 Natural and early synthetic dyes discussed and their analytical data (retention, UV–vis and MS data)
Dye | Biological source* Common and Latin name(s) | Abbreviation | Retention (min.) | UV–Vis max (nm) | MS data** | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
System 1 (LC-DAD) | System 2 (LC-DAD-MS) | |||||
Alkali Blue (1862) Acid Blue 110 CI 42750 | – | – | – | 14.7 | 574 | – |
Alizarin | Madder (Rubia tinctorum L.) | al | 15.2 | 15.2 | 248; 278; 430 | [M-H]− 239 |
Alizarin (synthetic) (1871) Mordant Red II CI 58000 | – | anth*** | – | 13.6 | 274; 338; 428 | [M-H]− 255 |
flavo*** | – | 13.8 | 272; 406 | [M-H]− 255 | ||
al | – | 15.2 | 248; 278; 430 | [M-H]− 239 | ||
Apigenin | Weld (Reseda luteola L.) Dyer's broom (Genista tinctoria L.) | ap | 13.9 | 13.7 | 210; 268; 336 | [M-H]− 269 |
Auramine (1883), Basic Yellow 2 CI 41000 | – | – | 12.1 | – | 352 | – |
– | 14.2 | – | 360 | – | ||
– | 15.7 | – | 366; 486 | – | ||
– | 16.9 | – | 368 | – | ||
Azo Flavine 3R (1880) Acid Orange 1 CI 13090 | – | – | 14.2 | – | 386 | – |
– | 16.2 | – | 410 | – | ||
Brilliant green (1879) = Diamond Green G Basic Green 1 CI 42040 | – | – | 15.4 | – | 428; 626 | – |
Carminic acid | Carminic acid based Mexican cochineal (Dactylopius coccus C.) (see text) | ca | 8.8 | 8.7 | 276; 310; 494 | [M-H]− 491 |
Chrysoin (Tropaeolin) (1875) Acid Orange 6 CI 14270 | – | – | 9.8 | – | 384 | – |
Chrysoeriol | Weld (Reseda luteola L.) Dyer's broom (Genista tinctoria L.) | chry | – | 13.7 | – | [M-H]− 299 |
Croceine orange G (1878) Acid Orange 12 CI 15970 | – | – | 14.2 | – | 316; 485 | [M-Na]− 327 |
Eosin A (1871) Acid Red 87 CI 45380 | – | – | 16.2 | – | 472; 498 | – |
– | 16.5 | – | 472; 500 | – | ||
– | 17.8 | – | 530 | |||
Flavokermesic acid | Carminic acid based Mexican cochineal (Dactylopius coccus C.) (see text) | fk | – | 13.5 | 285; 429 | [M-H]− 313 |
Flavokermesic acid (C-glycoside) | Carminic acid based Mexican cochineal (Dactylopius coccus C.) (see text) | dcII | – | 8.6 | – | [M-H]− 475 |
Fuchsine (magenta) (1856) Basic Violet 14 CI 42510 | – | 10.6 | 10.4 | 544 | – | |
– | 11.2 | 11.1 | 546 | – | ||
– | 11.9 | 11.8 | 548 | – | ||
– | 12.5 | – | 550 | – | ||
Genistein | Dyer's broom (Genista tinctoria L.) | ge | – | 13.4 | 208; 260 | [M-H]− 269 |
Kermesic acid | Carminic acid based Mexican cochineal (Dactylopius coccus C.) (see text) | ka | – | 13.5 | 275; 305; 490 | [M-H]− 329 |
Luteolin | Weld (Reseda luteola L.) Dyer's broom (Genista tinctoria L.) | lu | 13.0 | 12.7 | 254; 266; 348 | [M-H]− 285 |
Indigotin | Woad (Isatis tinctoria) or Indigo (Indigofera sp.) | ind | 16.2 | 15.9 | 285; 330; 610 | [M-H]− 261 |
Malachite green (1877) = Diamond Green B Basic Green 4 CI 42000 | – | 13.4 | – | 312; 412; 594 | – | |
– | 13.6 | – | 314; 418; 606 | – | ||
– | 14.0 | – | 320; 426; 620 | – | ||
Methyl Violet (1861) Basic Violet 1 CI 42535 Cristal Violet (1883) Basic Violet 3 CI 42555 | – | – | 13.9 | – | 568 | – |
– | 14.2 | – | 574 | – | ||
– | 14.6 | – | 582 | – | ||
– | 15.0 | – | 590 | – | ||
Munjistin | Madder (Rubia tinctorum L.) | Mu | – | 14.1 | – | [M-H]− 283 |
Orange II (1876) Acid Orange 7 CI 15510 | – | 15.4 | – | 482 | – | |
Purpurin | Madder (Rubia tinctorum L.) | pu | 16.4 | 16.2 | 256; 294; 480 | [M-H]− 255 |
Quinoline yellow (1882) Acid Yellow 36 CI 47005 | – | – | 12.5 | – | 416; 438 | – |
– | 12.8 | – | 416; 434 | – | ||
– | 13.2 | – | 426; 446 | – | ||
– | 15.0 | – | 420; 444 | – | ||
Rhodamine B (1887) Basic Violet 10 CI 45170 | – | 14.9 | 556 | |||
– | 15.1 | – | 558 | – | ||
Victoria Blue B (1883) Basic Blue 26 CI 44045 | – | 15.4 | – | 306; 346; 604 | – | |
– | 15.7 | – | 308; 350; 616 | – | ||