Investigating the material properties of hemp fiber and puffed rice for use in heritage conservation

Heritage Science

Table 2 Comparative analysis between the commonly used building materials, materials, and the proposed bio-based materials

Category	Type	Thermal conductivity	Fire resistance	Color and texture	Impact on labor health	Production process
Conventional materials	Stone	2.000–2.160	Very good	Variety of textures and colors	Moderate	Complex
		*	***	***	**	*
Bio-based materials	Hemp	0.038–0.060	A	Variety of textures and colors	Low	Simple
		***	***	***	***	***
Bio-based materials	Kneaf	0.034–0.043	C	Variety of textures and colors	Low	Simple
		***	*	***	***	**
Bio-based materials	Flax	0.038–0.075	B	Variety of textures and colors	Low	Simple
		***	**	***	***	***
Bio-based materials	Jute fiber	0.038–0.055	E	Variety of textures and colors	Low	Simple
		***	*	***	***	***
Bio-based materials	Wood fiber	0.038–0.050	B	Variety of textures and colors	Moderate	Simple
		***	**	***	**	***
Bio-based materials	Coir fiber	0.040–0.045	B2	Variety of textures and colors	Moderate	Simple
		**	*	***	**	***
Bio-based materials	Cork	0.037–0.050	B	Variety of textures and colors	Low	Simple
		***	**	***	***	***
Bio-based materials	Puffed rice	0.049	A	Variety of textures and colors	Low	Simple
		*	**	***	***	***