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Heritage Science

Table 5 Chemical composition of the tested material compared with other cases. Prepared by the authors, based on [74]

From: A practical hybrid approach to the problem of surveying a working historical bell considering innovative measurement methods

Country/time of manufacture

Content of elements [%]

Cu

Sn

Zn

Sb

Pb

Ni

Fe

Other

Poland, bell Urban, 17th c

78.33

15.20

0.35

2.69

2.84

0.41

0.03

0.15 Ag

China, 1110-221 BC

 

17.45

0.08

 

8.46

0.03

  

Japan, 8th c

 

15.45

 

8.32

5.63

1.35

  

England, 10th c.

 

18.75

  

4.35

1.00

  

Russia, Tsar-kolokol bell, 18th c

84,51

13.91

     

1.25 S

Korean Sangwonsa bell 8th c

83.87

13.26

0.32

 

2.12

   

Japan, Japanese bell, 20th c

82.10

9.00–13.00

1.00–1.70

     

USA, Los Angeles, 20th c

86.07

13.3

0.14

0.01

0.08

 

0.07

 
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