Non-invasive imaging and spectroscopy techniques for identifying historical pigments: a case study of Iranian manuscripts from the Qajar era

Heritage Science

Table 2 Results of multi-bands imaging and prediction of possible pigments

Color	Imaging method							Expectancy [3, 28, 29, 37]
Color	IR	UVR	UVL	UVRL ^*	UVBL ^*	UV-FC	IR-FC	Expectancy [3, 28, 29, 37]
Blue	Bright	Bright	Weak: Blue	Dark	Deep Blue	Blue-Green	Deep Red	Ultramarine
Light Blue	Bright	Bright	Weak: Blue	Dark	Deep Blue	Blue-Green	Pink	Ultramarine (Mixed with a white pigment?)
Red	Bright/Gray (**on Golden area)	Dark	Dark Red/Inert (**on Golden area)	Light Red	Dark	Deep Green	Orange	Cochineal
Orange	Bright/Gray (**on Golden area)	Dark	Inert	Dark	Dark	Red Brown	Yellow/ Green (**on Golden area)	Red Lead
Pink	Bright	Bright	Red	Light Red	Light Blue	Light Blue	Light Yellow	(White: Lead White?) + Indigo + (Red: Possibly Madder or Cochineal)
Green	Dark	Dark	Inert	Dark	Dark	Dark goldenrod	Dark Blue	Malachite
Yellow	Bright	Dark	Inert	Dark	Dark	Pink	Pale Yellow	Orpiment/Yellow Ochre
White	Bright	Bright	Weak White	Light Red	Light Blue	Pale Yellow	White	Lead White
Black	Dark	Dark	Inert	Dark	Dark	Black	Black	Carbon Black
Golden	Bright	Dark	Weak Black/ Black (on Green area)	Light Red/Dark (on Green area)	Light Blue/Dark (on Green area)	Brown	Light Brown	Brass

*So far, no report has been published on the results of these two imaging methods for artistic pigments.
**So far, no report has been published on the results of multi-bands imaging of different pigments in a multilayered manner on a pigment or metal substrate such as gold, silver or brass.