A new piece of the puzzle: slag and ore analysis to reconstruct the prehispanic smelting technology at the Atacama Desert, Chile

Heritage Science

Table 5 Main technical parameters of nine Andean metallurgical sites, including Viña del Cerro

Site	Chronology	Metal produced	Redox conditions	Temperatures (ºC)	Cu-ore	CuO wt%	Use of fluxes	References
Viña del Cerro	1185–1609 AD	Copper	Oxidising	1000–1100	Oxidic/carbonates	1–64	–	Garrido and Plaza [6]
Collahuasi	1000–1536 AD	Copper	–	~ 1200	Oxidic	< 20	–	Figueroa et al. [13]
San Bartolo	1400–1536 AD	Copper	Oxidising	> 1125	Oxidic, sulphidic, native copper	2 and 28	MnO	Alunni [79]
Ramaditas	50 BC	Copper	–	1100–1250(?)	Sulphidic	1–9	–	Graffam et al. [44,45,46]
Rincón Chico 15	900–1536 AD	Copper, bronze, silver, gold	Reducing	1150	Oxidic/carbonates	–	FeO, MnO	González [11]
Quillay	1400–1536 AD	Copper	Oxidising-slighlty reducing	1100–1300(?)	Sulphidic	No CuO	SiO₂(?)	Spina [43]
Pulac-050	674–874 AD	Copper, silver-rich lead	Oxidising	> 1128	Oxidic, sulphidic, complex polymetallic ores	–	–	Lechtman et al. [35]
Huaca del Pueblo Batán Grande	900–1532 AD	Arsenical copper	–	1100–1200	Oxidic + arsenic-rich ores	2–10	FeO	Merkel and Shimada [82]
Pampa Chaparrí (site 256A01)	1031–1270 AD	Copper	Reducing	1250–1300	Oxidic/carbonates	2–3	FeO	Killick and Hayashida [38]

For more details, see Additional file 6. Legend: “–” = without information; (?) = uncertain results or information