Table 1 chronological list of the materials presented in this review, along with location, year of use (estimated when not directly available), application, remarks and literature references
From: History of dental biomaterials: biocompatibility, durability and still open challenges
Material | Location | Time | Application | Remarks | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bamboo | China | 3000s BC | Dental pegs | Unconfirmed | [38] |
Gold | Egypt | 2500s BC | Supports (wire) | Contested | |
Ivory | Egypt | 2000s BC | False teeth | Contested | |
Copper | Egypt | – | Dental pegs | Post mortem Not biocompatible | [42] |
Bone | Etruscan | 500s BC | False teeth | – | |
Ivory | Etruscan | 500s BC | False teeth | – | |
Gold | Etruscan | 500s BC | Supports (bands) | Bioinert | |
Gold | Phoenician | 300s BC | Supports (wire) | Lack of information Unknown scope | [45] |
Teeth | Phoenician | 300s BC | Transplants? | ||
Iron | Gaul | 250s BC | Dental pin | Ante or post mortem? Not biocompatible | [46] |
Iron | Gaul | 100s AD | False teeth | Contested | |
Shells | Maya | 600s AD | False teeth | Biocompatible | [49] |
Minerals | Maya | 600s AD | Esthetic inlays | Various mineral stones, mainly bio-inert | [50] |
Amalgam | China | 659s AD | Fillings | – | [51] |
Stone | Maya | 800s AD | False teeth | Probably serpentine Bio-inert or slightly bioactive | [3] |
Gold | Atacames | – | Esthetic inlays | Bio-inert | [52] |
Teeth | Atacames | – | Transplant | Successful | [52] |
Wood | Japan | 800s AD | Dentures | – | [53] |
Gold | Italy | 1400s AD | Fillings | Hammered foils bio-inert | [54] |
Teeth | France | 1500s AD | Transplant | Successful | [55] |
CuHg | Germany | 1659 AD | Fillings? | – | |
Lead | France | 1700s AD | Fillings | – | [56] |
Tin | France | 1700s AD | Fillings | Biocompatible Easily replaced | [56] |
Copper | Germany | 1700s AD | Fillings | Not biocompatible | [57] |
Silver | Germany | 1700s AD | Fillings | Not biocompatible | [57] |
Gold | Germany | 1700s AD | Capping | Used to save dental pulp | [57] |
Porcelain | France | 1700s AD | Dentures | Bio-inert | [58] |
Platinum | Italy | 1700s AD | Dental pins | Bio-inert | [59] |
Lead | US | 1790s AD | Denture bases | Toxic | [60] |
Porcelain | US | 1800s AD | Dentures | Bio-inert | [61] |
Porcelain Platinum | England | 1800s AD | Dental implants | Bio-inert | [62] |
PbBiSn | France | 1800s AD | Fillings | Painful when applied | [51] |
PbBiSnHg | France | 1818 AD | Fillings | Lowered melting point | [51] |
AgHg | France | 1800s AD | Fillings | Just needed annealing | [51] |
AgHg | England | 1819 AD | Fillings | From filed silver coins | [51] |
AgHgZnCuSn | US | 1896 AD | Fillings | Stable and strong | [63] |
Gutta-percha* | US | 1800s AD | Fillings | Bad aesthetics | [64] |
Rubber* | US | 1851 AD | Denture bases | Stable over time | [65] |
Celluloid* | England | 1869 AD | Denture bases | Not stable over time | [66] |
Sandarac* | ? | 1800s AD | Bond/sealant | – | [67] |
Cheoplastic | US | 1800s AD | Denture bases | Easily corroded | [68] |
Rose pearl* | US | 1860s AD | Denture bases | Also nitrocellulose | [69] |
Bakelite* | US | 1924 AD | Denture bases | Bad aftertaste Poor shelf life | [70] |
PVC* | US | 1930 AD | Denture bases | High stability Formed fissures | [71] |
PMMA* | US | 1937 AD | Denture bases | Degradation in vivo | [72] |
PMMA* | US | 1900s AD | Restorations | – | [73] |
PMMA* | US | 1900s AD | False teeth | – | [73] |
Plastupalat* | Germany | 1900s AD | Denture bases | – | [74] |
Stainless steel | US | 1900s AD | Orthodontics | High strength Low costs | [75] |
Stellite | US | 1900s AD | Orthodontics | High strength Low costs | [76] |
Vitallium | US | 1932 AD | Orthodontics | As stellite | [77] |
Vitallium | US | 1930s AD | Screws | As stellite | [78] |