Fig. 4

SEM images at 500 × magnification of a test site cleaned with the xanthan gum-stabilised emulsion (left), showing scratches, presumably from the greater amount of mechanical action used to apply, remove and clear the gel-emulsion, and a test site cleaned with the surfactant-free microemulsion (middle), with indications of dewetting (circular features), not found on a test site cleaned with the pure 2-propanol (right). XE = xanthan gum-stabilised emulsion, ME = microemulsion, OS = organic solvent. ^aLighter areas in the SEM images were thought to be residual varnish