Table 1 Summary of the samples in the corpus of analysis
From: An analytical survey of zinc white historical and modern artists’ materials
Brand | Samples |
|---|---|
Reference samples | |
Synthesized ZnO | ZnO nanosmoke synthesized as in Zhang et al. [49] |
BrĂĽggemann | Two powders (2020, indirect and direct method) |
ZnO manufacturers | |
KF chemicals Japan, since 1951 | One powder (historical) |
Kremer Germany, since 1977 | Two powders (2010 and 2021) |
Maastrichtsche zinkwit Maatschappij The Netherlands, 1870–1989, then acquired by the Vieille Montagne | Four powders of different grades (1907–1989) |
Merck Germany, since 1668 | One powder (historical) |
Sikkens The Netherlands, since 1792 | One powder (historical) |
Vieille Montagne Belgium, 1837–1989, then Union Minière, today Umicore | Six powders of different grades (1847–1989) |
Color manufacturers | |
Blockx Belgium, since 1865 | Two paint tubes (1976 and 2021) One titan-zinc white paint tube (2021) |
Bocour US, since 1932 | One paint tube (1933–1975) One titan-zinc white paint jar (1940–1975) |
Charvin France, since 1830 | One paint tube (2010) |
Craftint manufacturing company US, 1929–2018 | One paint tube (1950s) |
Fezandie & Sperrle US, until 1979 | One powder (historical) |
Grumbacher US, since 1905; today, in Chartpark, Inc | Three paint tubes (1950s and two tubes dating back to 1960–1975) |
Lefranc France, 1720–1964, then Lefranc & Bourgeois | One paint tube (1930s) One paint sample (1950) One powder with a binder (before 1964) |
Lefranc & Bourgeois France, since 1964 | Two paint tubes (after 1964, 2021) One pastel (after 1964) |
Maimeri Italy, since 1923; in Fila group since 2014 | One paint sample from a color chart (1939–1946) One paint tube (1970s) |
Michael harding US, since 1982 | One paint tube (2021) |
Old holland The Netherlands, since 1664 | One paint tube (2010) |
Permanent pigments US, 1933–1955 | One powder (1933–1955) One paint tube (1933–1955) |
Ripolin France, since 1888 | One paint sample from a color chart (1900) |
Sennelier France, since 1887 | Two powders ( after 1887, 2021) Two paint tubes (after the 1920s and 2021, acrylics) |
Talens The Netherlands, 1889–1969, then Sikkens group, then Akzo Nobel | Two paint tubes (1930s, from the same box: one in good condition, the other yellowed and dried) |
Vilhelm Pacht Denmark, since 1887 | One paint tube (1890–1909) |