Table 3 Tools, challenges, and advantages related to the use of 3D imaging

Photogrammetry

Agisoft Metashape, Bentley ContextCapture, RealityCapture [20]

3D reconstruction from multiple images, obtained using either professional high-resolution cameras or even smartphones

Direct digital picture capturing has several benefits, including strong geometric characteristics, high automation possibilities, and direct data flow and quality control

Large set of images often required to retrieve complex 3D models

Structured light 3D scanners

Hexagon, FARO, Konica Minolta Intel^® RealSense™

3D Reconstruction using triangulation between a laser projector and an acquisition device

Laser triangulation is extremely fast and can scan over 1,000 scans per second, delivering more than 500,000 data points (X, Y, Z). Resolution depends on the device

Resolution dependent on working distance (and ultimately on working volume)

Triangulation angle: accuracy can be shown to be poor if it is too small, however there are problems with coverage if it is too large (useful range: 15°-30°)

TOF/Phase Shift 3D scanners

FARO

3D Reconstruction using measurement of the distance between a light projected on a target and the position of the target itself (TOF)

3D reconstruction based on the phase variation (shift) in the light reflected by an object

Works better for large work volumes (up to 350 m): useful for acquiring 3D models of historical buildings

Compared to the working distance, accuracy and precision are adequate: a typical value for a short-range triangulation laser scanner is

0.1 mm @ 1 m distance (i.e., 1/10.000 times the working distance)