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Table 1 List of pigments identified in the six Séraphine paintings analyzed for this study

From: Painting on the margins: investigating the pigments, media, and techniques of Séraphine Louis

Title

Tree of Paradise

Grapes

Grappes Bleues avec feuilles roses

L’Arbre du Paradis

Les Grandes Marguerites

Fruits

Collection

MoMA

MMA

MAA

MAA

MAA

MoMA

Date

c. 1928

c. 1928

c. 1929

1929–30

1929–30

1929–30

Pigment

 

Zinc white

X

X

X

X

S

X

Lead white

X

X

X

?

?

X

Carbon-based black

S

     

Yellow ochre

X

X

?

  

X

Umber

X

    

X

Vermilion

S

X

    

Alizarin lake

S

?

S

S

S

S

Rhodamine B lake

     

S

Chrome orange

S

 

?

 

?

 

Chrome yellow deep

 

S

X

S

S

 

Chrome yellow light

S

S

S

 

S

Cadmium yellow

X

X

    

Zinc yellow

X

X

  

S

 

Emerald green

S

     

Chromium-oxide based green

X

X

X

  

X

Prussian blue

S

S

S

S

S

S

Cobalt blue

X

 

X

  

X

Ultramarine blue

S

S

 

S

S

S

  1. X indicates pigments inferred by XRF; S indicates pigments confirmed by Raman, SERS, and/or μ-FTIR spectroscopy; ? indicates the need for further analysis
  2. The type of chrome yellow pigment was not distinguished in this instance