Table 2 Key factors and their weights impacting cultural heritage protection (2008–2020)

Econ_GDP

2.646*** (0.486)

0.954 (0.732)

10.826*** (3.355)

Econ_tert

0.083*** (0.019)

0.060** (0.029)

0.195 (0.133)

Popu_urban

− 0.106*** (1.729)

0.117*** (2.592)

0.221* (11.988)

Popu_rural.^a

0.106*** (1.729)

− 0.117*** (2.592)

− 0.221* (11.988)

Land_urban

0.393*** (0.068)

0.632*** (0.101)

− 4.343*** (0.455)

Land_ecol

− 0.229*** (0.046)

− 0.195*** (0.068)

− 1.930*** (0.308)

Lib

0.003** (0.001)

0.002** (0.001)

0.002 (0.001)

0.003* (0.002)

0.003* (0.002)

0.002 (0.002)

0.003 (0.008)

0.003 (0.008)

− 0.001 (0.007)

Road

0.906*** (0.318)

0.761** (0.319)

0.355 (0.322)

1.437*** (0.479)

1.663*** (0.478)

0.677 (0.482)

− 3.620* (2.195)

− 3.010 (2.209)

− 1.668 (2.168)

Employ

0.443 (0.302)

0.144 (0.302)

0.303 (0.300)

1.608*** (0.455)

1.773*** (0.453)

1.445*** (0.449)

− 2.205 (2.085)

− 2.339 (2.093)

− 0.093 (2.017)

Scen

− 0.117 (0.111)

− 0.076 (0.111)

− 0.019 (0.110)

− 0.371** (0.168)

− 0.364** (0.166)

− 0.262 (0.165)

− 0.550 (0.768)

− 0.500 (0.769)

− 0.693 (0.741)

Edu

− 1.119** (0.463)

− 0.525 (0.392)

− 0.101 (0.376)

− 1.730** (0.698)

− 0.752 (0.588)

− 1.611*** (0.564)

6.700** (3.202)

13.500*** (2.717)

11.430*** (2.533)

Muse

0.196*** (0.010)

0.194*** (0.010)

0.189*** (0.010)

0.179*** (0.015)

0.186*** (0.015)

0.164*** (0.015)

− 0.031 (0.069)

− 0.011 (0.069)

0.087 (0.067)

Constant

− 35.151*** (7.070)

12.739*** (2.837)

10.874***

(3.304)

− 4.762 (10.655)

0.587 (4.252)

14.910***

(4.949)

− 219.440*** (48.854)

− 90.533*** (19.665)

57.070** (22.247)

\({\gamma }_{t}\)

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

\({\gamma }_{i}\)

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Observations

1,469

1,469

1,469

1,469

1,469

1,469

1,469

1,469

1,469

R-squared

0.527

0.528

0.539

0.589

0.594

0.604

0.238

0.234

0.293