Type of NPs | Biological group | Organisms | Toxic activity | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
TiO2 | Insect | Drosophila melanogaster | Progeny loss and decline in female fecundity | Philbrook et al. [59] |
Plants | Lemna paucicostata (Aquatic plant, duckweed) | Toxic effect on growth at concentration range of > 250 ppm | Kim et al. [60] | |
Lycopersicon esculentum | Reduced chlorophyll content and fruit productivity | Song et al. [61] | ||
Spinacia oleracea | Increase of N cycle-related enzymes | Zheng et al. [62] | ||
Ag | Insect | Drosophila melanogaster | Decrease in developmental success. | Philbrook et al. [59] |
Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi | Larvicidal activity against mosquito borne diseases | Balakrishnan et al. [63] | ||
Aedes albopictus, Toxorhynchites splendens, and Mesocyclops thermocyclopoides | Highly effective against larval instars (I–IV) and pupae. Reduced toxicity against the mosquito natural enemies M. thermocyclopoides and T. splendens | Kumar et al. [64] | ||
Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus | Activity against mosquito larvae in a dose-dependent manner | Ramkumar et al. [65] | ||
Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi | High toxicity against the treated larvae at very low concentrations | Velu et al. [66] | ||
Annelids | Eisenia andrei | Bioaccumulation of silver nanoparticles in earthworms | Velicogna et al. [67] | |
Eisenia fetida | Toxicity increase with time | Diez-Ortiz et al. [68] | ||
Plants | Allium cepa | Abnormalities in post meiotic products in root tip and flower buds. Both mitotic and meiotic indexes decrease with increasing concentrations of bio-AgNPs in the treated cells | Saha and Gupta [69] | |
Cucumis sativus | Growth indices (except pH of fruit), and concentration of silver heavy metal increased significantly | Shams et al. [70] | ||
Aquatic plant duckweed Lemna paucicostata | Ag-NP (50 nm at > 1 ppm) inhibits growth of Lemna | Kim et al. [60] | ||
Arabidopsis thaliana | Up-regulation of 286 genes and down-regulation of 81 genes after treatment | Kaveh et al. [71] | ||
Oryza sativa (Asian rice) | Cytotoxic. Increased protein precursors for oxidative stress tolerance, calcium regulation and signalling, cell wall/DNA/RNA/protein direct damage, cell division, and apoptosis after exposure for 21Â days | Mirzajani et al. [72] | ||
Allium cepa | Oxidative stress and toxicity in roots only when applied in higher concentrations (25, 50, 75 and 100 µM) | Cvjetko et al. [73] | ||
CuO | Insect | Drosophila melanogaster | DNA damage in larval hemocytes and mutant spots on wings | Carmona et al. [38] |
Enchytraeus crypticus | Toxic for reproductive output of the worms | Gomes et al. [74] | ||
Plants | Vigna radiata | Reduced shoot and root length and biomass | Gopalakrishnan Nair et al. [75] | |
Lactuca sativa | Reduced the root length | Liu et al. [76] | ||
ZnO | Insect | Helicoverpa armigera | Larvicidal and pupicidal strongly reduced longevity and fecundity. Reduced food consumption | Murugan et al. [77] |
Annelids | Eisenia fetida | Significant damage to earthworms after exposure | Hu et al. [78] | |
Nematodes | Caenorhabditis elegans | Smaller particle sizes (< 25 nm) are toxic to nematode | Khare et al. [79] |